环保与可持续发展是高考英语的热门话题，涉及阅读、完形、写作等多个题型。掌握这30个核心词汇的精准用法，不仅有助于理解相关文本，更能让你在写作中展现对全球议题的关注与思考。本文将从高考实战角度，系统解析这些词汇的语法特点与应用策略。
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一、核心词汇的词性转换与搭配
污染类词汇的动词-名词转换：
- pollute (v.) → pollution (n.) → polluted (adj.)
- 污染类型：air/water/soil/noise pollution（空气/水/土壤/噪音污染）
- 固定搭配：reduce pollution（减少污染），pollution control（污染控制）
垃圾与废物处理的层次：
- waste：废物（较广义，含工业、生活废物）
- garbage：生活垃圾（美式常用）
- rubbish：垃圾（英式常用）
- litter：乱扔的垃圾（尤指在公共场所）
- 动词搭配：dispose of waste（处理废物），throw away garbage（扔垃圾）
“3R”原则的动词应用：
- reduce：减少（源头减量）
- reuse：重复使用（直接再利用）
- recycle：回收（加工后再利用）
- 记忆口诀：减量Reduce，再用Reuse，回收Recycle
二、能源与生态：从基础到高级的词汇拓展
能源类型的精准表达：
- renewable energy：可再生能源
- non-renewable energy：不可再生能源
- clean energy：清洁能源
- 具体能源：solar/wind/hydro/geothermal energy（太阳能/风能/水能/地热能）
气候变化的科学表述：
- climate change：气候变化
- global warming：全球变暖
- greenhouse effect：温室效应
- carbon dioxide (CO₂)：二氧化碳
- carbon emission：碳排放
- 热点搭配：combat climate change（应对气候变化）
生态系统与生物多样性：
- ecosystem：生态系统
- biodiversity：生物多样性
- ecological balance：生态平衡
- 保护行动：protect biodiversity（保护生物多样性）
三、形容词与概念：绿色表达的升级
sustainable的多元应用：
- sustainable development：可持续发展
- sustainable lifestyle：可持续生活方式
- sustainably (adv.)：可持续地
- 反义：unsustainable（不可持续的）
环保形容词的替换使用：
- eco-friendly：环保的（侧重对生态友好）
- environmentally friendly：环境友好的
- green：绿色的（引申为环保的）
- 具体表达：green products（绿色产品）
conservation的双重含义：
- 资源保护：water conservation（水资源保护）
- 自然保护：wildlife conservation（野生动物保护）
- 动词形式：conserve（节约，保护）
四、高考题型实战应用
语法填空高频考点：
- 词性转换：pollute → pollution，sustain → sustainable
- 固定搭配：take measures to reduce ______ (pollute)
- 介词搭配：rely ______ renewable energy (on)
完形填空逻辑线索：
- 问题-解决结构：pollution问题→recycle解决方案
- 对比结构：non-renewable vs renewable
- 因果逻辑：emissions导致climate change
- 递进关系：not only reduce waste but also conserve resources
书面表达提分句型：
- 阐述问题：The problem of air pollution has become increasingly serious.
- 提出方案：We should adopt the 3R principle: reduce, reuse and recycle.
- 呼吁行动：It's our responsibility to protect the ecosystem for future generations.
图表作文数据描述：
- 描述趋势：The use of renewable energy has been rising steadily.
- 比较数据：Solar energy accounts for a larger proportion than wind energy.
- 提出建议：To reduce carbon emissions, we need to increase investment in green technologies.
五、易错点与高级表达
词义辨析：
- environment：环境（总称）
- surroundings：周围环境（具体场所）
- 用法：protect the environment（保护环境），beautify our surroundings（美化环境）
动词短语的准确使用：
- cut down on waste：减少废物
- throw away properly：妥善丢弃
- sort garbage：垃圾分类
- go green：践行环保
高级替换表达：
- 基础：We should protect the environment.
- 进阶：Environmental conservation should be our priority.
- 高级：The preservation of our planet's delicate ecosystems demands immediate and sustained action from all sectors of society.
【高考范文】Embracing a Sustainable Future
Our environment faces unprecedented challenges. Air pollution clouds our cities, water pollution contaminates rivers, and soil pollution threatens agriculture. These forms of pollution, largely caused by human activities, pollute our shared home and endanger ecosystems worldwide. The emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide drives climate change and global warming, demanding urgent action.
The core issue lies in our consumption patterns and energy use. We rely heavily on non-renewable energy sources while generating massive waste. Garbage piles up, and litter mars natural spaces. This unsustainable path threatens biodiversity and planetary health.
The solution requires a shift towards sustainability. First, we must embrace the “3R” principle: reduce consumption, reuse items, and recycle materials. Conserving resources, like water and energy, is equally crucial. This conservation mindset must become a lifestyle.
Transitioning to renewable energy is fundamental. Solar energy and wind energy offer clean alternatives. Investing in these eco-friendly technologies can power a green future. Sustainable practices, from individual choices to national policies, define sustainability.
Individual responsibility is key. Simple acts matter: carrying reusable bags, saving electricity, and properly sorting waste for recycling. Community initiatives, like clean-up drives, raise awareness about protecting our environment.
The benefits are profound. Cleaner air and water improve health. Protecting ecosystems preserves biodiversity. A green economy creates jobs. Most importantly, we secure a livable planet for future generations.
Some argue that sustainable practices are costly or inconvenient. However, the long-term cost of inaction is far greater. Technological advancements are making renewable energy more affordable and efficient every day.
In conclusion, environmental protection is not an option but a necessity. By adopting eco-friendly habits, supporting green policies, and promoting sustainable development, we can combat pollution, mitigate climate change, and ensure a healthier, more resilient world. Our collective effort today will determine the quality of our shared environment tomorrow. Let’s choose to reduce, reuse, recycle, and conserve—for our planet’s sake and our own.
高考模拟训练
语法填空：
- We should ______ (reduce) the use of plastic to prevent environmental ______ (pollute).
- ______ (sustain) development requires us to switch from non-renewable to ______ (renew) energy sources.
完形填空：
The city has launched a new campaign to tackle waste. Residents are encouraged to sort their ______ for recycling. This ______ approach aims to ______ landfill use and promote an ______ lifestyle.
- A. pollution B. garbage C. emission D. biodiversity
- A. eco-friendly B. sustainable C. green D. renewable
- A. reduce B. reuse C. recycle D. conserve
- A. sustainable B. polluted C. non-renewable D. wasteful
参考答案：
语法填空：1. reduce, pollution 2. Sustainable, renewable
完形填空：1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A